Quality control in sublinear time: a case study via random graphs

arXiv:2508.16531v3 Announce Type: replace-cross Abstract: Many algorithms are designed to work well on average over inputs. But when such an algorithm is run on an arbitrary input, the question arises: Can we trust the algorithm on this input? This question is especially relevant in network science, where algorithms for theoretical random graph models are often applied to individual real-world networks. We identify a new class of algorithmic problems addressing this, which we call "Quality Control Problems." These problems are specified by a "quality function" $\rho$ and a distribution $D$ such that, with high probability, a sample drawn from $D$ is "high quality," meaning its $\rho$-value is near $1$. The goal is to accept most inputs $x \sim D$ and reject potentially adversarially generated inputs $x$ with $\rho(x)$ far from $1$. In this work, we consider the sublinear version of the quality control problem, where $D \in \Delta(\{0,1\}^N)$ and the goal is to solve the $(D,\rho)$-quality problem with $o(N)$ queries and time. As a case study, we consider random graphs, i.e., $D = G_{n,p}$ (and $N = \binom{n}2$), and the $k$-clique count function $\rho_k := C_k(G)/\mathbb{E}_{G' \sim G_{n,p}}[C_k(G')]$, where $C_k(G)$ is the number of $k$-cliques in $G$. In suitable parameter ranges, worst-case approximate $k$-clique counting requires $p^{-\Omega(k^2)}$ queries. In contrast, we show that the quality control problem for $G_{n,p}$ (with $n\geq p^{-ck}$ for some constant $c$) with respect to $\rho_k$ can be tested with $p^{-O(k)}$ queries and time, showing quality control is provably superpolynomially more efficient in this setting. More generally, for a motif $H$ of maximum degree $\Delta(H)$, we show that the corresponding quality control problem can be solved with $p^{-O(\Delta(H))}$ queries and running time.