You see a mushroom in a forest, take a photo, and pass it to an AI chat.

My photo, passed to ChatGPT. It follows the answer with further details: The combination is characteristic: vivid orange-yellow color, densely branched antler/coral-like fruiting bodies, smooth somewhat gelatinous branches, and growth from decaying/buried wood in a mossy forest floor. Not poisonous, but not edible either.
It might help with identification… but should we trust it with our health or life?
I was looking to create a dataset, but was happy to discover there is an existing FungiTastic dataset with 340k observations (615k photos) of 2.8k species, built by Czech computer-vision researchers, based on data from a citizen science project, Atlas of Danish Fungi. Labels are verified by experts, a part of them by DNA sequencing. Besides normal photos, it has masks, captions, microscopic and satellite images - much more than we need.
The dataset is designed for supervised training, with a classical train-test-val split. Rather than being random, it is by year: train up to 2021, validation 2022, test 2023. We don’t train on anything, so we use the test dataset. Using LLMs as they are is, in classical machine learning, called a 0-shot approach.
We care about normal photos one would take with a smartphone. To pick species that you could actually find in a forest (rather than in a lab or on a bathroom wall), I used lists of mushrooms in Poland, which has a strong foraging tradition. A popular pastime, mushroom hunting, has its own name, grzybobranie, where going into the woods with a knife is socially acceptable.
Speaking about safety, I picked two lists - one an official list of sellable mushrooms in Poland (47, of which 37 are in the dataset), and the other, the list of deadly mushroom species from Wikipedia, which, after intersection with this dataset, has 20 species. Interestingly enough, they intersect at Tricholoma equestre (en. yellow knight, pl. gąska zielonka), considered edible in some countries but deadly in others, with noted fatal incidents. The joy of working with real data full of contradictions!
Here are all 55 species. The photo is from the training set, so as not to leak the data. To see names, hover or click on a tile.

Boletus edulis edibleENpenny bunPLborowik szlachetnyCShřib smrkovýUKбілий грибDEGemeiner SteinpilzLTtikrinis baravykasFIherkkutattiSVkarljohanssvampDAspiselig rørhat
Imleria badia edibleENbay boletePLpodgrzybek brunatnyCShřib hnědýUKпольський грибDEMaronen-RöhrlingLTkaštoninis baravykasFIruskotattiSVbrunsoppDAbrunstokket rørhat
Xerocomus subtomentosus edibleENsuede boletePLpodgrzybek zajączekCShřib plstnatýUKмоховик зеленийDEZiegenlippeLTžalsvasis aksombaravykisFIsamettitattiSVsammetssoppDAfiltet rørhat
Xerocomellus chrysenteron edibleENred cracking boletePLpodgrzybek złotawyCShřib žlutomasýUKмоховик тріщинуватийDEGemeiner RotfußröhrlingLTraudonkotis aksombaravykisFIruututattiSVrutsoppDArødsprukken rørhat
Leccinum scabrum edibleENbrown birch boletePLkoźlarz babkaCSkozák březovýUKпідберезникDEGemeiner BirkenpilzLTlepšėFIlehmäntattiSVbjörksoppDAbrun skælrørhat
Leccinum aurantiacum edibleENred-capped scaber stalkPLkoźlarz czerwonyCSkřemenáč dubovýUKпідосиковикDELaubwald-RotkappeLTtikrasis raudonviršisFIhaavanpunikkitattiSVaspsoppDArustrød skælrørhat
Leccinellum pseudoscabrum edibleENhornbeam boletePLkoźlarz grabowyCSkozák habrovýUKпідберезник грабовийDEHainbuchen-RöhrlingFIpähkinäntattiSVhasselsoppDAavnbøg-skælrørhat
Suillus luteus edibleENslippery jackPLmaślak zwyczajnyCSklouzek obecnýUKмаслюк звичайнийDEButterpilzLTtikrasis kazlėkasFIvoitattiSVsmörsoppDAbrungul slimrørhat
Suillus granulatus edibleENweeping boletePLmaślak ziarnistyCSklouzek zrnitýUKмаслюк зернистийDEKörnchenröhrlingLTšilinis kazlėkasFIjyvästattiSVgrynsoppDAkornet slimrørhat
Suillus bovinus edibleENJersey cow mushroomPLmaślak sitarzCSklouzek kravskýUKкозлякDEKuh-RöhrlingLTtamprusis kazlėkasFInummitattiSVörsoppDAgrovporet slimrørhat
Suillus variegatus edibleENvelvet boletePLmaślak pstryCShřib strakošUKмаслюк жовто-бурийDESand-RöhrlingLTgeltonasis kazlėkasFIkangastattiSVsandsoppDAbroget slimrørhat
Suillus grevillei edibleENlarch boletePLmaślak żółtyCSklouzek sličnýUKмаслюк модриновийDEGold-RöhrlingLTgrakštusis kazlėkasFIlehtikuusentattiSVlärksoppDAlærke-slimrørhat
Gyroporus castaneus edibleENchestnut boletePLpiaskowiec kasztanowatyCShřib kaštanovýUKгіропор каштановийDEHasenröhrlingLTsmiltyninis šilbaravykisFIkastanjatattiSVkastanjesoppDAkastanie-kammerrørhat
Gyroporus cyanescens edibleENbluing boletePLpiaskowiec modrzakCShřib sinýUKгіропор березовий синіючийDEKornblumenröhrlingLTmelsvėjantysis šilbaravykisFIsinitattiSVblåsoppDAblånende kammerrørhat
Cantharellus cibarius edibleENchanterellePLpieprznik jadalny (kurka)CSliška obecnáUKлисичка справжняDEEchter PfifferlingLTvalgomoji voveraitėFIkeltavahveroSVkantarellDAalmindelig kantarel
Craterellus cornucopioides edibleENhorn of plentyPLlejkowiec dętyCSstroček trubkovitýUKлійочник ріжковиднийDETotentrompeteLTpaprastasis trimitėlisFImustatorvisieniSVsvart trumpetsvampDAtrompetsvamp
Hydnum repandum edibleENhedgehog mushroomPLkolczak obłączastyCSlišák zprohýbanýUKїжовик жовтуватийDESemmel-StoppelpilzLTraukšlėtasis dyglutisFIvaaleaorakasSVblek taggsvampDAalmindelig pigsvamp
Macrolepiota procera edibleENparasol mushroomPLczubajka kaniaCSbedla vysokáUKгриб-зонтик великийDEGemeiner RiesenschirmlingLTskėtinė žvynabudėFIukonsieniSVstolt fjällskivlingDAstor kæmpeparasolhat
Agaricus campestris edibleENfield mushroomPLpieczarka polnaCSpečárka polníUKпечериця звичайнаDEWiesen-ChampignonLTdirvinis pievagrybisFInurmiherkkusieniSVängschampinjonDAmark-champignon
Agaricus bisporus edibleENbutton mushroomPLpieczarka dwuzarodnikowaCSžampión hnědýUKпечериця садоваDEZweisporiger ChampignonLTdvisporis pievagrybisFIviljelyherkkusieniSVträdgårdschampinjonDAhave-champignon
Agaricus bitorquis edibleENpavement mushroomPLpieczarka miejskaCSpečárka obecnáUKпечериця їстівнаDEStadt-ChampignonLTdvižiedis pievagrybisFIpuistoherkkusieniSVvägchampinjonDAvej-champignon
Agaricus sylvaticus edibleENblushing wood mushroomPLpieczarka lśniącaCSpečárka lesníUKпечериця лісоваDEKleiner Blut-EgerlingLTmiškinis pievagrybisFItapionherkkusieniSVskogschampinjonDAlille blod-champignon
Agaricus sylvicola edibleENwood mushroomPLpieczarka zaroślowaCSžampión lesomilnýDEDünnfleischiger Anis-ChampignonFIkuusiherkkusieniSVknölchampinjonDAgulhvid champignon
Lactarius deliciosus edibleENsaffron milk capPLmleczaj rydzCSryzec pravýUKрижик смачнийDEEdel-ReizkerLTpušyninė rudmėsėFImännynleppärouskuSVtallblodriskaDAvelsmagende mælkehat
Lactarius deterrimus edibleENfalse saffron milkcapPLmleczaj świerkowyCSryzec smrkovýUKрижик ялиновийDEFichten-ReizkerLTeglyninė rudmėsėFIkuusenleppärouskuSVblodriskaDAgran-mælkehat
Lactifluus volemus edibleENfishy milkcapPLmleczaj smacznyCSryzec syrovinkaUKхрящ-молочник червоно-коричневийDEBrätlingFIkultarouskuSVmandelriskaDAspiselig mælkehat
Armillaria mellea edibleENhoney fungusPLopieńka miodowaCSváclavka obecnáUKопеньок осінній справжнійDEHoniggelber HallimaschLTpaprastasis kelmutisFIkeltamesisieniSVhonungsskivlingDAægte honningsvamp
Kuehneromyces mutabilis edibleENsheathed woodtuftPLłuszczak zmiennyCSopeňka měnliváUKопеньок літнійDEGemeines StockschwämmchenLTpaprastoji kelmiukėFIkoivunkantosieniSVföränderlig tofsskivlingDAforanderlig skælhat
Pleurotus ostreatus edibleENoyster mushroomPLboczniak ostrygowatyCShlíva ústřičnáUKплеврот черепичастийDEAusternseitlingLTgluosninė kreivabudėFIosterivinokasSVostronmusslingDAalmindelig østershat
Marasmius oreades edibleENfairy ring champignonPLtwardzioszek przydrożnyCSšpička obecnáUKопеньок луговийDENelken-SchwindlingLTlauminis mažūnisFInurminahikasSVnejlikbroskskivlingDAelledans-bruskhat
Cortinarius caperatus edibleENgypsy mushroomPLpłachetka kołpakowataCSsluka svraskaláUKковпакDEZigeunerLTraukšlėtasis gudukasFIkehnäsieniSVrimskivlingDAklidhat
Clitocybe odora edibleENaniseed funnelPLlejkówka wonnaCSstrmělka anýzkaUKклітоцибе анісовийDEGrüner Anis-TrichterlingLTmelsvoji tauriabudėFIvihertuoksumalikkaSVgrön trattskivlingDAanis-tragthat
Morchella esculenta edibleENcommon morelPLsmardz jadalnyCSsmrž obecnýUKзморшок їстівнийDESpeisemorchelLTvalgomasis briedžiukasFIpallohuhtasieniSVrund toppmurklaDAspiselig morkel
Verpa bohemica edibleENearly morelPLnaparstniczka czeskaCSkačenka českáUKзморшкова шапинкаDERunzel-VerpelLTbohemiškasis aukšliavarpisFIpoimukellomörskySVvindlad klockmurklaDArynket klokkemorkel
Tuber aestivum edibleENsummer trufflePLtrufla letniaCSlanýž letníUKтрюфель їстівнийDESommer-TrüffelLTvasarinis trumasFIkesätryffeliSVsommartryffelDAsommer-trøffel
Auricularia auricula-judae edibleENwood earPLuszak bzowyCSucho JidášovoUKаурикулярія вухоподібнаDEJudasohrFIjuudaksenkorvaSVjudasöraDAalmindelig judasøre
Tricholoma equestre deadlyENyellow knightPLgąska zielonkaCSčirůvka zelánkaUKрядовка зеленаDEGrünlingLTžalsvasis baltikasFIkangaskeltavalmuskaSVriddarmusseronDAægte ridderhat
Amanita phalloides deadlyENdeath capPLmuchomor sromotnikowyCSmuchomůrka zelenáUKмухомор зеленийDEGrüner KnollenblätterpilzLTžalsvoji musmirėFIkavalakärpässieniSVlömsk flugsvampDAgrøn fluesvamp
Amanita virosa deadlyENdestroying angelPLmuchomor jadowityCSmuchomůrka jízliváUKмухомор білий смердючийDEKegelhütiger KnollenblätterpilzLTsmailiakepurė musmirėFIvalkokärpässieniSVvit flugsvampDAsnehvid fluesvamp
Amanita muscaria poisonousENfly agaricPLmuchomor czerwonyCSmuchomůrka červenáUKмухомор червонийDEFliegenpilzLTpaprastoji musmirėFIpunakärpässieniSVröd flugsvampDArød fluesvamp
Galerina marginata deadlyENfuneral bellPLhełmówka jadowitaCSčepičatka jednobarváUKгалерина оторочкуватаDEGift-HäublingLTeglinė kūgiabudėFImyrkkynääpikkäSVgifthättingDArandbæltet hjelmhat
Cortinarius rubellus deadlyENdeadly webcapPLzasłonak rudawyCSpavučinec výjimečnýDESpitzgebuckelter RaukopfFIsuippumyrkkyseitikkiSVtoppig giftspindlingDApuklet gift-slørhat
Calonarius splendens deadlyENsplendid webcapPLzasłonak wspaniałyCSpavučinec nádhernýDESchöngelber KlumpfußDAsirene-slørhat
Lepiota brunneoincarnata deadlyENdeadly dapperlingPLczubajeczka cielistoczerwonawaCSbedla hnědočervenaváUKлепіота коричнево-червонуватаDEFleischbräunlicher SchirmlingFImyrkkyukonsieniSVbandad giftfjällskivlingDAbrunrød parasolhat
Lepiota subincarnata deadlyENfatal dapperlingPLczubajeczkaCSbedla namasověláUKлепіота рожеваFIiltaukonsieniDAkødfarvet parasolhat
Lepiota castanea deadlyENchestnut dapperlingPLczubajeczka kasztanowataCSbedla kaštanováUKлепіота каштановаDEKastanienbrauner SchirmlingFIkastanjaukonsieniSVkastanjefjällskivlingDAkastaniebrun parasolhat
Clitocybe rivulosa deadlyENfool's funnelPLlejkówka jadowitaCSstrmělka odbarvenáUKклітоцибе червонуватий отруйнийDERinnigbereifter TrichterlingSVgifttrattskivlingDAeng-tragthat
Inosperma erubescens deadlyENdeadly fibrecapPLstrzępiak ceglastyCSvláknice začervenaláUKіноцибе ПатуйяраDEZiegelroter RisspilzLTpatujaro plaušabudėFImyrkkyrisakasSVgifttrådingDAgiftig trævlhat
Entoloma sinuatum poisonousENlivid entolomaPLdzwonkówka jadowitaCSzávojenka olovováUKентолома жовтувато-сиза отруйнаDERiesen-RötlingLTstambioji gijabudėFIisorusokasSVbolmörtsskivlingDAgiftig rødblad
Hypholoma fasciculare poisonousENsulphur tuftPLmaślanka wiązkowaCStřepenitka svazčitáUKопеньок сірчано-жовтий несправжнійDEGrünblättriger SchwefelkopfLTpuokštinė kelmabudėFIkitkerälahokkaSVsvavelgul slöjskivlingDAknippe-svovlhat
Paxillus involutus deadlyENbrown roll-rimPLkrowiak podwiniętyCSčechratka podvinutáUKсвинуха тонкаDEKahler KremplingLTpilkoji meškutėFIpulkkosieniSVpluggskivlingDAalmindelig netbladhat
Gyromitra esculenta deadlyENfalse morelPLpiestrzenica kasztanowataCSucháč obecnýUKстрочок звичайнийDEFrühjahrs-GiftlorchelLTpaprastasis bobausisFIkorvasieniSVstenmurklaDAægte stenmorkel
Lactarius torminosus poisonousENwoolly milkcapPLmleczaj wełniankaCSryzec kravskýUKвовнянкаDEBirken-MilchlingLTpiengrybis paberžisFIkarvarouskuSVskäggriskaDAskægget mælkehat
Conocybe rugosa deadlyENwrinkled conecapPLstożkówka pomarszczona
Claviceps purpurea deadlyENergotPLbuławinka czerwona (sporysz)CSpaličkovice nachováUKріжки пурпуровіDEMutterkornpilzLTpaprastoji skalsėFItorajyväsieniSVmjöldrygaDAalmindelig meldrøjerI asked models to:
Which mushroom species is it? Reply with a JSON array of the 5 most likely species as Latin binomials, most likely first. Output only the JSON array, nothing else.
I used 20 photos of each species from the test dataset, 1,040 in total. For a few rare species there were fewer, so I topped them up from the validation split. I used Latin names. Traditional names, while often vivid, are less standardized. Here are the results, both for the first guess and among the top five guesses. Code, the photo list and every model answer are in the repo, if you want to rerun it.
Gemini 3.6 and 3.7 Flash ace the chart, as in other visual benchmarks - yet here the lead is substantial. We already saw that Gemini 3.7 Flash is great at puzzle games. It is a bit of a surprise that they are not only cheap but also better at recognising mushrooms than the frontier Claude Fable 5 and GPT-5.6-Sol, lauded as the best OpenAI vision model. GLM-5.3-Flash absolutely aces at cost efficiency.
Let’s see what the mistakes are - to see if they are minor or deadly ones.
Most errors are harmless: a milkcap called another milkcap, a bolete called another bolete. The dangerous ones are not random. A deadly webcap is called a chanterelle - the same mistake that kills foragers. Here are a few examples.








It is interesting to see error rates by model. Here we focus on the conditional probability of an edible mushroom being classified as poisonous (false negative, taking edible as the positive class) and the much more dangerous probability of a poisonous mushroom being classified as edible (false positive).
Well, Muse Spark 1.2 looks safe only because it declines to guess so often. But even the top models, Gemini 3.6 & 3.7 Flash, have a dangerous error rate of around 12%. I love Qwen3.8 27B and it is great at local coding, but I wouldn’t trust it with mushroom safety: over a third of poisonous mushrooms are classified as edible species!
Let’s not take for granted that people can always distinguish mushrooms. A single photo might not be enough either, even for an expert. For example, Fungi of the California Floristic Province at iNaturalist instructs:
You should take a minimum of THREE photos for each species that you document - in situ (preferably with habitat or substrate visible), a detailed shot of the pileus (cap), and a detailed shot of the stipe (stem) and lamellae (gills).
There is a reason why the Atlas of Danish Fungi relies on expert verification and DNA sequencing, not on photos alone.
At the same time, a common error among foreign mushroom hunters: a mushroom looks like an edible one from home, and they do not know the local deadly lookalike. I also tried to add the hint “a photo from Denmark” to see if it made the results better, but in this case it was not helpful for LLMs.
So, do not eat a mushroom because AI told you it is safe. That was true years ago, and it still is. AI slop in code, text, or design might be annoying. But it is fixable with a few prompts, or a manual edit. It is much better than having to prompt “Do I need a liver transplant?”
Vibe-mushroom-eating is not there yet! We don’t want to end up like your uncle and ChatGPT, from a lovely AI-generated short warning about AI hallucinations.
At the same time, if we want to learn rather than risk, Gemini 3.7 Flash is gold. I vibe-coded an app for myself to memorize local plants on top of it. I want to use it to learn the foliage around me.
And have you ever used AI to identify mushrooms?